In the case of Roy and Carlos, the liability becomes joint due to which reason?

• A. They cannot waive fortuitous event.
• B. Sam's discretion.
• C. The conversion of their liability to indemnity for damages.
• D. The contract making it jointly liable.

Answer: (C)

The main idea is that when liability is turned into an indemnity obligation for damages, multiple parties can become jointly bound to cover those damages. Indemnity creates a duty to compensate the loss rather than a simple fault-based liability; if Roy and Carlos are each required to indemnify the same damages, their duties merge into a joint obligation to make good on the total amount. That conversion to an indemnity arrangement binds them together so that they share responsibility for the damages, making the liability joint.

The other ideas don’t fit as the primary mechanism here: simply waiving a fortuitous event doesn’t create joint liability, Sam’s discretion doesn’t establish the legal form of the obligation, and while a contract can make parties jointly liable, the scenario specifically points to converting their liability into an indemnity for damages as the reason their liability becomes joint.